Objective To investigate the risk factors of gallbladder carcinoma, so as to provide theoretical base for the prevention of gallbladder carcinoma.  Methods The clinical data of 153 patients with gallbladder carcinoma (gallbladder carcinoma group) who were admitted to the Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2000 to December 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 300 patients with cholecystolithiasis (cholecystolithiasis group) and 300 patients without gallbladder carcinoma or cholecystolithiasis (control group) were collected and matched at the ratio of 1:2 to conduct the controlled study. Data were statistically analyzed by the Chisquare test and conditional Logistric regression.  Results Univariate analysis showed significant difference in age, history of cholecystolithiasis, postmenopausal age, accumulated menstrual period, giving birth or not and number of birth between gallbladder carcinoma group and control group (χ 2 =58.22, 180.14, 9.59, 24.30, 18.66, 15.17, P <0.05). Age, history of cholecystolithiasis, accumulated menstrual period and number of birth were the independent risk factors of gallbladder carcinoma (χ 2=55.76, 180.95, 24.30, 8.54, P <0.05). The risk of having gallbladder carcinoma in patients who had a history of cholecystolithiasis was 34 times higher than those who did not have the history of cholecystolithiasis ( OR =34.22). Late postmenopausal age (51-55 years old), longer accumulated menstrual period (≥30 years), and the number of birth (3 times) were associated with higher risk of gallbladder carcinoma ( OR= 3.96, 9.68, 3.51). Age, course of cholecystolithiasis and accumulated menstrual period and number of birth were the risk factors of gallbladder carcinoma when comparing patients who have history of cholecystolithiasis in the gallbladder carcinoma group with those in the cholecystolithiasis group (χ 2 = 70.66, 16.66, 11.59, 4.69, P <0.05). Age, course of cholecystolithiasis and accumulated menstrual period were the independent risk factors of gallbladder carcinoma (χ 2=64.29, 8.82, 5.58, P <0.05). The risk of gallbladder carcinoma increased as the increase of age and course of cholecystolithiasis. The accumulated menstrual period≥30 years was also a risk factor of gallbladder carcinoma. Conclusions Age, history of cholecystolithiasis, course of cholecystolithiasis, accumulated menstrual period and number of birth may be the risk factors of gallbladder carcinoma. For patients with age above 60 years and course of cholecystolithiasis above 3 years, cholecystectomy should be conducted to reduce the incidence of gallbladder carcinoma, and great importance should be attached to female patients with indications mentioned above.